diff --git a/adapter/experimental.go b/adapter/experimental.go
index 1bd8d2d9..67191141 100644
--- a/adapter/experimental.go
+++ b/adapter/experimental.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"time"
 
+	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/observable"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"
 )
@@ -103,6 +104,9 @@ func (s *SavedBinary) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if contentLength > uint64(reader.Len()) {
+		return E.New("invalid content length: ", contentLength)
+	}
 	s.Content = make([]byte, contentLength)
 	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, s.Content)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -118,6 +122,9 @@ func (s *SavedBinary) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if etagLength > uint64(reader.Len()) {
+		return E.New("invalid etag length: ", etagLength)
+	}
 	etagBytes := make([]byte, etagLength)
 	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, etagBytes)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/common/geosite/compat_test.go b/common/geosite/compat_test.go
index 9c66aea3..6989a5fd 100644
--- a/common/geosite/compat_test.go
+++ b/common/geosite/compat_test.go
@@ -211,7 +211,11 @@ func TestGeositeWriteReadCompat(t *testing.T) {
 			for code, expectedItems := range tc.input {
 				items, err := reader.Read(code)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, expectedItems, items, "items mismatch for code: %s", code)
+				if len(expectedItems) == 0 {
+					require.Empty(t, items, "items mismatch for code: %s", code)
+				} else {
+					require.Equal(t, expectedItems, items, "items mismatch for code: %s", code)
+				}
 			}
 		})
 	}
diff --git a/common/geosite/reader.go b/common/geosite/reader.go
index ecd63a7e..0d9ca8f3 100644
--- a/common/geosite/reader.go
+++ b/common/geosite/reader.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bufio"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -62,10 +63,9 @@ func (r *Reader) readMetadata() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	keys := make([]string, entryLength)
 	domainIndex := make(map[string]int)
 	domainLength := make(map[string]int)
-	for i := 0; i < int(entryLength); i++ {
+	for range entryLength {
 		var (
 			code       string
 			codeIndex  uint64
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ func (r *Reader) readMetadata() error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		keys[i] = code
 		codeIndex, err = binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -84,6 +83,9 @@ func (r *Reader) readMetadata() error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		if codeIndex > math.MaxInt32 || codeLength > math.MaxInt32 {
+			return E.New("invalid metadata entry: ", code)
+		}
 		domainIndex[code] = int(codeIndex)
 		domainLength[code] = int(codeLength)
 	}
@@ -107,17 +109,22 @@ func (r *Reader) Read(code string) ([]Item, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	r.bufferedReader.Reset(r.reader)
-	itemList := make([]Item, r.domainLength[code])
-	for i := range itemList {
-		typeByte, err := r.bufferedReader.ReadByte()
+	length := r.domainLength[code]
+	var itemList []Item
+	for range length {
+		var (
+			typeByte byte
+			value    string
+		)
+		typeByte, err = r.bufferedReader.ReadByte()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		itemList[i].Type = ItemType(typeByte)
-		itemList[i].Value, err = readString(r.bufferedReader)
+		value, err = readString(r.bufferedReader)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+		itemList = append(itemList, Item{Type: ItemType(typeByte), Value: value})
 	}
 	return itemList, nil
 }
@@ -144,12 +151,14 @@ func readString(reader io.ByteReader) (string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	bytes := make([]byte, length)
-	for i := range bytes {
-		bytes[i], err = reader.ReadByte()
+	var result []byte
+	for range length {
+		var value byte
+		value, err = reader.ReadByte()
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
+		result = append(result, value)
 	}
-	return string(bytes), nil
+	return string(result), nil
 }
diff --git a/common/srs/binary.go b/common/srs/binary.go
index d2c865e1..95b054b2 100644
--- a/common/srs/binary.go
+++ b/common/srs/binary.go
@@ -77,13 +77,14 @@ func Read(reader io.Reader, recover bool) (ruleSetCompat option.PlainRuleSetComp
 		return
 	}
 	ruleSetCompat.Version = version
-	ruleSetCompat.Options.Rules = make([]option.HeadlessRule, length)
 	for i := range length {
-		ruleSetCompat.Options.Rules[i], err = readRule(bReader, recover)
+		var rule option.HeadlessRule
+		rule, err = readRule(bReader, recover, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			err = E.Cause(err, "read rule[", i, "]")
 			return
 		}
+		ruleSetCompat.Options.Rules = append(ruleSetCompat.Options.Rules, rule)
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -119,7 +120,13 @@ func Write(writer io.Writer, ruleSet option.PlainRuleSet, generateVersion uint8)
 	return compressWriter.Close()
 }
 
-func readRule(reader varbin.Reader, recover bool) (rule option.HeadlessRule, err error) {
+const maxLogicalRuleDepth = 100
+
+func readRule(reader varbin.Reader, recover bool, depth int) (rule option.HeadlessRule, err error) {
+	if depth > maxLogicalRuleDepth {
+		err = E.New("logical rule nested too deep")
+		return
+	}
 	var ruleType uint8
 	err = binary.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &ruleType)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -131,7 +138,7 @@ func readRule(reader varbin.Reader, recover bool) (rule option.HeadlessRule, err
 		rule.DefaultOptions, err = readDefaultRule(reader, recover)
 	case 1:
 		rule.Type = C.RuleTypeLogical
-		rule.LogicalOptions, err = readLogicalRule(reader, recover)
+		rule.LogicalOptions, err = readLogicalRule(reader, recover, depth)
 	default:
 		err = E.New("unknown rule type: ", ruleType)
 	}
@@ -160,7 +167,7 @@ func readDefaultRule(reader varbin.Reader, recover bool) (rule option.DefaultHea
 		switch itemType {
 		case ruleItemQueryType:
 			var rawQueryType []uint16
-			rawQueryType, err = readRuleItemUint16(reader)
+			rawQueryType, err = varbin.ReadSlice[uint16](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}
@@ -200,11 +207,11 @@ func readDefaultRule(reader varbin.Reader, recover bool) (rule option.DefaultHea
 				rule.IPCIDR = common.Map(rule.IPSet.Prefixes(), netip.Prefix.String)
 			}
 		case ruleItemSourcePort:
-			rule.SourcePort, err = readRuleItemUint16(reader)
+			rule.SourcePort, err = varbin.ReadSlice[uint16](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 		case ruleItemSourcePortRange:
 			rule.SourcePortRange, err = readRuleItemString(reader)
 		case ruleItemPort:
-			rule.Port, err = readRuleItemUint16(reader)
+			rule.Port, err = varbin.ReadSlice[uint16](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 		case ruleItemPortRange:
 			rule.PortRange, err = readRuleItemString(reader)
 		case ruleItemProcessName:
@@ -230,7 +237,7 @@ func readDefaultRule(reader varbin.Reader, recover bool) (rule option.DefaultHea
 				rule.AdGuardDomain = matcher.Dump()
 			}
 		case ruleItemNetworkType:
-			rule.NetworkType, err = readRuleItemUint8[option.InterfaceType](reader)
+			rule.NetworkType, err = varbin.ReadSlice[option.InterfaceType](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 		case ruleItemNetworkIsExpensive:
 			rule.NetworkIsExpensive = true
 		case ruleItemNetworkIsConstrained:
@@ -242,7 +249,7 @@ func readDefaultRule(reader varbin.Reader, recover bool) (rule option.DefaultHea
 			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}
-			for i := uint64(0); i < size; i++ {
+			for range size {
 				var key uint8
 				err = binary.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &key)
 				if err != nil {
@@ -510,18 +517,14 @@ func readRuleItemString(reader varbin.Reader) ([]string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	result := make([]string, length)
-	for i := range result {
-		strLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
+	var result []string
+	for range length {
+		var value []byte
+		value, err = varbin.ReadSlice[byte](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		buf := make([]byte, strLen)
-		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		result[i] = string(buf)
+		result = append(result, string(value))
 	}
 	return result, nil
 }
@@ -548,19 +551,6 @@ func writeRuleItemString(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []string) e
 	return nil
 }
 
-func readRuleItemUint8[E ~uint8](reader varbin.Reader) ([]E, error) {
-	length, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	result := make([]E, length)
-	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, *(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&result)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return result, nil
-}
-
 func writeRuleItemUint8[E ~uint8](writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []E) error {
 	err := writer.WriteByte(itemType)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -574,19 +564,6 @@ func writeRuleItemUint8[E ~uint8](writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []
 	return err
 }
 
-func readRuleItemUint16(reader varbin.Reader) ([]uint16, error) {
-	length, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	result := make([]uint16, length)
-	err = binary.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, result)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return result, nil
-}
-
 func writeRuleItemUint16(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []uint16) error {
 	err := writer.WriteByte(itemType)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -625,7 +602,7 @@ func writeRuleItemCIDR(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []string) err
 	return writeIPSet(writer, ipSet)
 }
 
-func readLogicalRule(reader varbin.Reader, recovery bool) (logicalRule option.LogicalHeadlessRule, err error) {
+func readLogicalRule(reader varbin.Reader, recovery bool, depth int) (logicalRule option.LogicalHeadlessRule, err error) {
 	mode, err := reader.ReadByte()
 	if err != nil {
 		return
@@ -643,13 +620,14 @@ func readLogicalRule(reader varbin.Reader, recovery bool) (logicalRule option.Lo
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
-	logicalRule.Rules = make([]option.HeadlessRule, length)
 	for i := range length {
-		logicalRule.Rules[i], err = readRule(reader, recovery)
+		var rule option.HeadlessRule
+		rule, err = readRule(reader, recovery, depth+1)
 		if err != nil {
 			err = E.Cause(err, "read logical rule [", i, "]")
 			return
 		}
+		logicalRule.Rules = append(logicalRule.Rules, rule)
 	}
 	err = binary.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &logicalRule.Invert)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/common/srs/compat_test.go b/common/srs/compat_test.go
index 46f3c114..6300c5f1 100644
--- a/common/srs/compat_test.go
+++ b/common/srs/compat_test.go
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func TestUint8SliceCompat(t *testing.T) {
 			requireUint8SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack)
 
 			// Old write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readRuleItemUint8[uint8](bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())))
+			readBack2, err := varbin.ReadSlice[uint8](bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())), binary.BigEndian)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			requireUint8SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack2)
 		})
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ func TestUint16SliceCompat(t *testing.T) {
 			requireUint16SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack)
 
 			// Old write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readRuleItemUint16(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())))
+			readBack2, err := varbin.ReadSlice[uint16](bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())), binary.BigEndian)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			requireUint16SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack2)
 		})
diff --git a/common/srs/ip_cidr.go b/common/srs/ip_cidr.go
index 7c81abda..cba22f88 100644
--- a/common/srs/ip_cidr.go
+++ b/common/srs/ip_cidr.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os"
 
 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"
@@ -14,8 +15,11 @@ func readPrefix(reader varbin.Reader) (netip.Prefix, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return netip.Prefix{}, err
 	}
-	addrSlice := make([]byte, addrLen)
-	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, addrSlice)
+	if addrLen != 4 && addrLen != 16 {
+		return netip.Prefix{}, os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+	var addrBytes [16]byte
+	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, addrBytes[:addrLen])
 	if err != nil {
 		return netip.Prefix{}, err
 	}
@@ -23,7 +27,7 @@ func readPrefix(reader varbin.Reader) (netip.Prefix, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return netip.Prefix{}, err
 	}
-	return netip.PrefixFrom(M.AddrFromIP(addrSlice), int(prefixBits)), nil
+	return netip.PrefixFrom(M.AddrFromIP(addrBytes[:addrLen]), int(prefixBits)), nil
 }
 
 func writePrefix(writer varbin.Writer, prefix netip.Prefix) error {
diff --git a/common/srs/ip_set.go b/common/srs/ip_set.go
index a10ac08c..01def6bb 100644
--- a/common/srs/ip_set.go
+++ b/common/srs/ip_set.go
@@ -36,34 +36,38 @@ func readIPSet(reader varbin.Reader) (*netipx.IPSet, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	mySet := &myIPSet{
-		rr: make([]myIPRange, length),
-	}
-	for i := range mySet.rr {
-		fromLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
+	mySet := &myIPSet{}
+	for range length {
+		var from, to netip.Addr
+		from, err = readIPSetAddr(reader)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		fromBytes := make([]byte, fromLen)
-		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, fromBytes)
+		to, err = readIPSetAddr(reader)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		toLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		toBytes := make([]byte, toLen)
-		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, toBytes)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		mySet.rr[i].from = M.AddrFromIP(fromBytes)
-		mySet.rr[i].to = M.AddrFromIP(toBytes)
+		mySet.rr = append(mySet.rr, myIPRange{from: from, to: to})
 	}
 	return (*netipx.IPSet)(unsafe.Pointer(mySet)), nil
 }
 
+func readIPSetAddr(reader varbin.Reader) (netip.Addr, error) {
+	addrLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return netip.Addr{}, err
+	}
+	if addrLen != 4 && addrLen != 16 {
+		return netip.Addr{}, os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+	var addrBytes [16]byte
+	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, addrBytes[:addrLen])
+	if err != nil {
+		return netip.Addr{}, err
+	}
+	return M.AddrFromIP(addrBytes[:addrLen]), nil
+}
+
 func writeIPSet(writer varbin.Writer, set *netipx.IPSet) error {
 	err := writer.WriteByte(1)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/common/srs/malformed_test.go b/common/srs/malformed_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eff932fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/srs/malformed_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package srs
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"compress/zlib"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+
+	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func craftRuleSet(body []byte) []byte {
+	var buffer bytes.Buffer
+	buffer.Write(MagicBytes[:])
+	buffer.WriteByte(C.RuleSetVersionCurrent)
+	compressWriter := zlib.NewWriter(&buffer)
+	compressWriter.Write(body)
+	compressWriter.Close()
+	return buffer.Bytes()
+}
+
+func uvarint(value uint64) []byte {
+	return binary.AppendUvarint(nil, value)
+}
+
+func TestReadMalformed(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	defaultRule := []byte{0x00}
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		body []byte
+	}{
+		{"huge_rule_count", uvarint(1 << 40)},
+		{"huge_string_count", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemDomainKeyword}, uvarint(1 << 40)}, nil)},
+		{"huge_string_length", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemDomainKeyword}, uvarint(1), uvarint(1 << 40)}, nil)},
+		{"huge_uint16_count", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemQueryType}, uvarint(1 << 40)}, nil)},
+		{"huge_ip_range_count", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemIPCIDR, 0x01}, binary.BigEndian.AppendUint64(nil, 1<<40)}, nil)},
+		{"bad_ip_range_address_length", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemIPCIDR, 0x01}, binary.BigEndian.AppendUint64(nil, 1), uvarint(99)}, nil)},
+		{"huge_prefix_address_length", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemDefaultInterfaceAddress}, uvarint(1), uvarint(1 << 40)}, nil)},
+		{"empty_domain_matcher", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemDomain, 0x00}, uvarint(0), uvarint(0), uvarint(0)}, nil)},
+		{"huge_domain_matcher_bitmap", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), defaultRule, {ruleItemDomain, 0x00}, uvarint(1 << 40)}, nil)},
+		{"deep_logical_nesting", bytes.Join([][]byte{uvarint(1), bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x01, 0x00, 0x01}, 10000)}, nil)},
+	}
+	for _, testCase := range cases {
+		t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			_, err := Read(bytes.NewReader(craftRuleSet(testCase.body)), false)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/experimental/libbox/profile_import.go b/experimental/libbox/profile_import.go
index c337d015..c0906f87 100644
--- a/experimental/libbox/profile_import.go
+++ b/experimental/libbox/profile_import.go
@@ -257,14 +257,16 @@ func readString(reader io.ByteReader) (string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	buf := make([]byte, length)
-	for i := range buf {
-		buf[i], err = reader.ReadByte()
+	var result []byte
+	for range length {
+		var value byte
+		value, err = reader.ReadByte()
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
+		result = append(result, value)
 	}
-	return string(buf), nil
+	return string(result), nil
 }
 
 func writeString(buffer *bytes.Buffer, value string) {
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 7fce6138..ad40dff3 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/sagernet/gomobile v0.1.12
 	github.com/sagernet/gvisor v0.0.0-20250811.0-sing-box-mod.1
 	github.com/sagernet/quic-go v0.59.0-sing-box-mod.4
-	github.com/sagernet/sing v0.8.12
+	github.com/sagernet/sing v0.8.13
 	github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.5
 	github.com/sagernet/sing-quic v0.6.4-0.20260803041914-d83826c306d7
 	github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks v0.2.8
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 4b2cdf69..be75c2a1 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -236,8 +236,8 @@ github.com/sagernet/nftables v0.3.0-mod.2 h1:ck2KMU02OxL1eDFgGaWYglMDpoOZ7OHzxje
 github.com/sagernet/nftables v0.3.0-mod.2/go.mod h1:8kslHG4VvYNihcco+i6uxIX7qbT8A56T0y5q7U44ZaQ=
 github.com/sagernet/quic-go v0.59.0-sing-box-mod.4 h1:6qvrUW79S+CrPwWz6cMePXohgjHoKxLo3c+MDhNwc3o=
 github.com/sagernet/quic-go v0.59.0-sing-box-mod.4/go.mod h1:OqILvS182CyOol5zNNo6bguvOGgXzV459+chpRaUC+4=
-github.com/sagernet/sing v0.8.12 h1:v77YM0gB0uCQ74f1RmiTDtkV8eNT6Qtniobxh012a5I=
-github.com/sagernet/sing v0.8.12/go.mod h1:olXxWQNqRW/l2Q6JI3b2Qmz8iQnIFlOeeH8bx6JhgUA=
+github.com/sagernet/sing v0.8.13 h1:yVoXnx9nPxfjlwD4Tp+Wd9zuW2tfiSVrcRDBZNbKRCw=
+github.com/sagernet/sing v0.8.13/go.mod h1:olXxWQNqRW/l2Q6JI3b2Qmz8iQnIFlOeeH8bx6JhgUA=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.5 h1:RHnhVEc+SFqkrK4xMygYjDwwLhzp2Bj3lztSukONfhI=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.5/go.mod h1:QvlKMyNBNrQoyX4x+gq028uPbLM2XeRpWtDsWBJbFSk=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-quic v0.6.4-0.20260803041914-d83826c306d7 h1:D46kmyvKMNVFvL3KXdq3T4vy8r29xCMmSqNuQHJBybE=