diff --git a/common/ja3/parser.go b/common/ja3/parser.go
index a4bd7123..421e51c2 100644
--- a/common/ja3/parser.go
+++ b/common/ja3/parser.go
@@ -264,16 +264,24 @@ func (j *ClientHello) parseExtensions(exs []byte) error {
 				return &ParseError{LengthErr, 19}
 			}
 			versionsLen := int(sex[0])
-			for i := 0; i < versionsLen; i += 2 {
-				versions = append(versions, binary.BigEndian.Uint16(sex[1:][i:]))
+			sex = sex[versionExtensionHeaderLen:]
+			if len(sex) < versionsLen {
+				return &ParseError{LengthErr, 21}
+			}
+			for i := range versionsLen / 2 {
+				versions = append(versions, binary.BigEndian.Uint16(sex[i*2:]))
 			}
 		case signatureAlgorithmsExtensionType:
 			if len(sex) < signatureAlgorithmsExtensionHeaderLen {
 				return &ParseError{LengthErr, 20}
 			}
-			ssaLen := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(sex)
-			for i := 0; i < int(ssaLen); i += 2 {
-				signatureAlgorithms = append(signatureAlgorithms, binary.BigEndian.Uint16(sex[2:][i:]))
+			ssaLen := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(sex))
+			sex = sex[signatureAlgorithmsExtensionHeaderLen:]
+			if len(sex) < ssaLen {
+				return &ParseError{LengthErr, 22}
+			}
+			for i := range ssaLen / 2 {
+				signatureAlgorithms = append(signatureAlgorithms, binary.BigEndian.Uint16(sex[i*2:]))
 			}
 		}
 		exs = exs[4+exLen:]
diff --git a/common/sniff/quic.go b/common/sniff/quic.go
index 049bd2c1..4f6dcf06 100644
--- a/common/sniff/quic.go
+++ b/common/sniff/quic.go
@@ -245,6 +245,9 @@ func QUICClientHello(ctx context.Context, metadata *adapter.InboundContext, pack
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+			if length > uint64(decryptedReader.Len()) {
+				return os.ErrInvalid
+			}
 			index := len(decrypted) - decryptedReader.Len()
 			fragments = append(fragments, qCryptoFragment{offset, length, decrypted[index : index+int(length)]})
 			_, err = decryptedReader.Seek(int64(length), io.SeekCurrent)
@@ -291,7 +294,7 @@ func QUICClientHello(ctx context.Context, metadata *adapter.InboundContext, pack
 find:
 	for {
 		for _, fragment := range fragments {
-			if fragment.offset == index {
+			if fragment.offset == index && fragment.length > 0 {
 				buffer.Write(fragment.payload)
 				index = fragment.offset + fragment.length
 				length++
diff --git a/dns/transport/fakeip/fakeip.go b/dns/transport/fakeip/fakeip.go
index 75db1cf8..025ddecf 100644
--- a/dns/transport/fakeip/fakeip.go
+++ b/dns/transport/fakeip/fakeip.go
@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@ func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg,
 	if question.Qtype == mDNS.TypeA && !t.inet4Enabled || question.Qtype == mDNS.TypeAAAA && !t.inet6Enabled {
 		return dns.FixedResponseStatus(message, mDNS.RcodeSuccess), nil
 	}
-	address, err := t.store.Create(dns.FqdnToDomain(question.Name), question.Qtype == mDNS.TypeAAAA)
+	domain := dns.FqdnToDomain(question.Name)
+	if len(domain) > 255 {
+		return nil, E.New("domain name too long for fakeip")
+	}
+	address, err := t.store.Create(domain, question.Qtype == mDNS.TypeAAAA)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index c9868858..56567a99 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -45,19 +45,19 @@ require (
 	github.com/sagernet/netlink v0.0.0-20260814022025-64455d367bbf
 	github.com/sagernet/nftables v0.3.0-mod.4
 	github.com/sagernet/quic-go v0.61.0-sing-box-mod.7
-	github.com/sagernet/sing v0.9.6
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-cloudflared v0.1.3
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.9
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-openconnect v0.1.0
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-openvpn v0.1.0
+	github.com/sagernet/sing v0.9.7-0.20260929145605-8d939df03478
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-cloudflared v0.1.4-0.20260929150702-b3a1e8f3018c
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.10-0.20260929204512-caf09fe32475
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-openconnect v0.1.1-0.20260929151225-cbd68c45de58
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-openvpn v0.1.1-0.20260929151220-7c3045dbddce
 	github.com/sagernet/sing-quic v0.7.2-0.20261002084117-75c3ac4fa12b
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks v0.2.8
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks2 v0.2.1
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowtls v0.2.1
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks v0.2.9-0.20260929204512-65740e0f0e3e
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks2 v0.2.2-0.20260929152114-a69d1086332b
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowtls v0.2.2-0.20260928201441-a9c0127d5c99
 	github.com/sagernet/sing-snell v0.0.0-20260904135315-bc5a12ac736f
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-tun v0.9.7-0.20260928080829-8ab0e83967b4
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-tun v0.9.7-0.20260929152151-0bdadeb4c934
 	github.com/sagernet/sing-usbip v0.0.0-20260817040617-28bd42667eca
-	github.com/sagernet/sing-vmess v0.2.8
+	github.com/sagernet/sing-vmess v0.2.9-0.20260929152519-9b95ab8c9478
 	github.com/sagernet/smux v1.5.50-sing-box-mod.1
 	github.com/sagernet/tailscale v1.102.1-sing-box-1.14-mod.5
 	github.com/sagernet/wireguard-go v0.0.7
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 02e9953b..7988d55b 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -318,32 +318,32 @@ github.com/sagernet/nftables v0.3.0-mod.4 h1:vnOtcDYeSXv2e5RoRuGH0lrpttQFJ8iC4IC
 github.com/sagernet/nftables v0.3.0-mod.4/go.mod h1:8kslHG4VvYNihcco+i6uxIX7qbT8A56T0y5q7U44ZaQ=
 github.com/sagernet/quic-go v0.61.0-sing-box-mod.7 h1:sW2O+DoNF+my1PGlSZ3zG2N+fdxLR3DC0l4sXCM0lBE=
 github.com/sagernet/quic-go v0.61.0-sing-box-mod.7/go.mod h1:hmLC8GJPp+BrpBgrgJnacvI4fZGIhasuy1ROJJ8GR4E=
-github.com/sagernet/sing v0.9.6 h1:LXTpEMbr4G/65PSjopjfg+Zp1Xq1ilJnGWq47y/eObI=
-github.com/sagernet/sing v0.9.6/go.mod h1:K3Owt3xPhHugvlnlPPxZJ/exXdaJfEPOTNorGk4AXjo=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-cloudflared v0.1.3 h1:J5v401QFvUzzamw0udgs1kOPgnmPyPjo9jbPUiJgBXo=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-cloudflared v0.1.3/go.mod h1:XEqEDYRCAYLaoPjZ1ifVWJg5iWAJHL2gOAXe/PM28Cg=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.9 h1:fhk1tA1OHkDXHedXLanyu/mUepykCXENM9s6sEymo84=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.9/go.mod h1:jricpwCOndDsTEM1TM3piJvhL/2Mm7OhLkm+JadJJ1Q=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-openconnect v0.1.0 h1:nen3Hhr52CHASJtduUwZfMhqgLD30A1LE+SN6Ju2X0Y=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-openconnect v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4AKZLVcvY3r54UaK2Gbnm7aN8pOwdLz+y4EP0QFZ5Eg=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-openvpn v0.1.0 h1:bmULMzzDP0EsO0UMkbiiNLIvEIKBlozM+ZD3GiJ2Vtg=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-openvpn v0.1.0/go.mod h1:PWX7WygD8jpwfqfaGNySXpJYTn0SOwjBI1BKHHC2+Bw=
+github.com/sagernet/sing v0.9.7-0.20260929145605-8d939df03478 h1:c3Jpk13MOAc516zCuqAGBr7ok9UcpGjCjgWWOQslL0w=
+github.com/sagernet/sing v0.9.7-0.20260929145605-8d939df03478/go.mod h1:K3Owt3xPhHugvlnlPPxZJ/exXdaJfEPOTNorGk4AXjo=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-cloudflared v0.1.4-0.20260929150702-b3a1e8f3018c h1:36zXD/qnDk7sh/J4zSEJsnHf4W3TYNCbmjo9MNIlrE4=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-cloudflared v0.1.4-0.20260929150702-b3a1e8f3018c/go.mod h1:XEqEDYRCAYLaoPjZ1ifVWJg5iWAJHL2gOAXe/PM28Cg=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.10-0.20260929204512-caf09fe32475 h1:aG0DqHEOjax7DyfE1GTAXZotOg3QGVCz3/8rCSua2kg=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-mux v0.3.10-0.20260929204512-caf09fe32475/go.mod h1:jricpwCOndDsTEM1TM3piJvhL/2Mm7OhLkm+JadJJ1Q=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-openconnect v0.1.1-0.20260929151225-cbd68c45de58 h1:WOPVlvbw3zGl4IzpRcfqB901blgDKuiplVrpptf/TOY=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-openconnect v0.1.1-0.20260929151225-cbd68c45de58/go.mod h1:4AKZLVcvY3r54UaK2Gbnm7aN8pOwdLz+y4EP0QFZ5Eg=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-openvpn v0.1.1-0.20260929151220-7c3045dbddce h1:uB2DkIJLZ9waR/ZLBO9IF/ws5BWg0FEegLi90ibhX5I=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-openvpn v0.1.1-0.20260929151220-7c3045dbddce/go.mod h1:PWX7WygD8jpwfqfaGNySXpJYTn0SOwjBI1BKHHC2+Bw=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-quic v0.7.2-0.20261002084117-75c3ac4fa12b h1:2Jx/URJAPt32MEbLmAR5nzH87tO6NQZLRfRFvFqBWuk=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-quic v0.7.2-0.20261002084117-75c3ac4fa12b/go.mod h1:rJFeVxbEej2iuyeCJ3drKW+p5rOgtLIW3XhZ6ty7Fig=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks v0.2.8 h1:PURj5PRoAkqeHh2ZW205RWzN9E9RtKCVCzByXruQWfE=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks v0.2.8/go.mod h1:lo7TWEMDcN5/h5B8S0ew+r78ZODn6SwVaFhvB6H+PTI=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks2 v0.2.1 h1:dWV9OXCeFPuYGHb6IRqlSptVnSzOelnqqs2gQ2/Qioo=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks2 v0.2.1/go.mod h1:RnXS0lExcDAovvDeniJ4IKa2IuChrdipolPYWBv9hWQ=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowtls v0.2.1 h1:ZiHZdnEnP+YS73NMsxiZmIFCwNd0M4k7PkGCKNXhbaM=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowtls v0.2.1/go.mod h1:sWqKnGlMipCHaGsw1sTTlimyUpgzP4WP3pjhCsYt9oA=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks v0.2.9-0.20260929204512-65740e0f0e3e h1:LKgE/uuqp/D2kgxYViOz8vf4slaCUfpFywXjtuwD5gU=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks v0.2.9-0.20260929204512-65740e0f0e3e/go.mod h1:lo7TWEMDcN5/h5B8S0ew+r78ZODn6SwVaFhvB6H+PTI=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks2 v0.2.2-0.20260929152114-a69d1086332b h1:VH65QNqSHat2b+N3Rlzo5Qe44gRmQGwzY5atuy3D0A8=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowsocks2 v0.2.2-0.20260929152114-a69d1086332b/go.mod h1:RnXS0lExcDAovvDeniJ4IKa2IuChrdipolPYWBv9hWQ=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowtls v0.2.2-0.20260928201441-a9c0127d5c99 h1:l/tdZjaoDp3iqEG4NVrFHtphy1+Qjt9bpWAgNbF8iGg=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-shadowtls v0.2.2-0.20260928201441-a9c0127d5c99/go.mod h1:sWqKnGlMipCHaGsw1sTTlimyUpgzP4WP3pjhCsYt9oA=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-snell v0.0.0-20260904135315-bc5a12ac736f h1:tbTCI+iis5sTmua7a6Q7vebcSRURok/LGgnEafnQAsc=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-snell v0.0.0-20260904135315-bc5a12ac736f/go.mod h1:et8Lws4f5QbOrY65DmjevHGup3mijJkhswkto6cwciM=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-tun v0.9.7-0.20260928080829-8ab0e83967b4 h1:8LMh5gE8agrhOqeaTg9xML99oVeP8ApxqC0uKeS+ruk=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-tun v0.9.7-0.20260928080829-8ab0e83967b4/go.mod h1:3EgPst7agntRO7D6GOsiZ1l9FoqdLeuWmKT5TnWkmf0=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-tun v0.9.7-0.20260929152151-0bdadeb4c934 h1:CC1NMvo1hpRY33IJCwXldUOSgCLjYh0T4vq9pX30+tM=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-tun v0.9.7-0.20260929152151-0bdadeb4c934/go.mod h1:3EgPst7agntRO7D6GOsiZ1l9FoqdLeuWmKT5TnWkmf0=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-usbip v0.0.0-20260817040617-28bd42667eca h1:5wA+IE0Fq1CGVLOgSpm0gKKZ03HzugcJ2JyhmDqeX6A=
 github.com/sagernet/sing-usbip v0.0.0-20260817040617-28bd42667eca/go.mod h1:ADAZZU85MnM91XNhd2TdZRTaIbA7RjTZuQ1KCHcUbNg=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-vmess v0.2.8 h1:xd5nnDOMlC76RgrLksS4jlk3eMt3c3CvQY3NsjWPWeI=
-github.com/sagernet/sing-vmess v0.2.8/go.mod h1:P11scgTxMxVVQ8dlM27yNm3Cro40mD0+gHbnqrNGDuY=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-vmess v0.2.9-0.20260929152519-9b95ab8c9478 h1:q2eQn4nq8oWGxRm9zXesXSlPr9GEgPrOGzf4iPtzG9A=
+github.com/sagernet/sing-vmess v0.2.9-0.20260929152519-9b95ab8c9478/go.mod h1:P11scgTxMxVVQ8dlM27yNm3Cro40mD0+gHbnqrNGDuY=
 github.com/sagernet/smux v1.5.50-sing-box-mod.1 h1:XkJcivBC9V4wBjiGXIXZ229aZCU1hzcbp6kSkkyQ478=
 github.com/sagernet/smux v1.5.50-sing-box-mod.1/go.mod h1:NjhsCEWedJm7eFLyhuBgIEzwfhRmytrUoiLluxs5Sk8=
 github.com/sagernet/tailscale v1.102.1-sing-box-1.14-mod.5 h1:mGLWVgj2Pl2NlgE1+sEUIDIMB42JdWEPwYmxTnVWg44=
diff --git a/protocol/bridge/packet.go b/protocol/bridge/packet.go
index 47f089e4..0247c2e6 100644
--- a/protocol/bridge/packet.go
+++ b/protocol/bridge/packet.go
@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ func fixReturnChecksum(packet []byte) {
 			return
 		}
 		ipHdr := header.IPv6(packet)
+		if !ipHdr.IsValid(len(packet)) {
+			return
+		}
 		recomputeTransportChecksum(ipHdr.TransportProtocol(), ipHdr.Payload(), ipHdr.SourceAddressSlice(), ipHdr.DestinationAddressSlice())
 	}
 }
@@ -86,6 +89,10 @@ func recomputeTransportChecksum(protocol tcpip.TransportProtocolNumber, transpor
 			return
 		}
 		tcpHdr := header.TCP(transport)
+		dataOffset := int(tcpHdr.DataOffset())
+		if dataOffset < header.TCPMinimumSize || dataOffset > len(transport) {
+			return
+		}
 		tcpHdr.SetChecksum(0)
 		payloadChecksum := checksum.Checksum(tcpHdr.Payload(), 0)
 		pseudoChecksum := header.PseudoHeaderChecksum(header.TCPProtocolNumber, source, destination, uint16(len(transport)))
diff --git a/protocol/naive/inbound.go b/protocol/naive/inbound.go
index 9da0cf08..dfa022b1 100644
--- a/protocol/naive/inbound.go
+++ b/protocol/naive/inbound.go
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/transport/v2rayhttp"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/auth"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/buf"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/bufio"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
@@ -184,11 +186,22 @@ func (n *Inbound) ServeHTTP(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 	destination := M.ParseSocksaddr(hostPort).Unwrap()
 
 	if hijacker, isHijacker := writer.(http.Hijacker); isHijacker {
-		conn, _, err := hijacker.Hijack()
+		conn, reader, err := hijacker.Hijack()
 		if err != nil {
 			n.badRequest(ctx, request, E.New("hijack failed"))
 			return
 		}
+		if cacheLen := reader.Reader.Buffered(); cacheLen > 0 {
+			cache := buf.NewSize(cacheLen)
+			_, err = cache.ReadFullFrom(reader.Reader, cacheLen)
+			if err != nil {
+				cache.Release()
+				conn.Close()
+				n.badRequest(ctx, request, E.Cause(err, "read cache"))
+				return
+			}
+			conn = bufio.NewCachedConn(conn, cache)
+		}
 		n.newConnection(ctx, false, &naiveConn{Conn: conn}, userName, source, destination)
 	} else {
 		n.newConnection(ctx, true, &naiveH2Conn{
diff --git a/protocol/shadowsocks/inbound_multi.go b/protocol/shadowsocks/inbound_multi.go
index 706243e2..9233c749 100644
--- a/protocol/shadowsocks/inbound_multi.go
+++ b/protocol/shadowsocks/inbound_multi.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net"
 	"os"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
@@ -35,13 +36,14 @@ var (
 
 type MultiInbound struct {
 	inbound.Adapter
-	ctx      context.Context
-	router   adapter.ConnectionRouterEx
-	logger   logger.ContextLogger
-	listener *listener.Listener
-	service  shadowsocks.MultiService[int]
-	users    []option.ShadowsocksUser
-	tracker  adapter.SSMTracker
+	ctx         context.Context
+	router      adapter.ConnectionRouterEx
+	logger      logger.ContextLogger
+	listener    *listener.Listener
+	service     shadowsocks.MultiService[int]
+	usersAccess sync.RWMutex
+	users       []option.ShadowsocksUser
+	tracker     adapter.SSMTracker
 }
 
 func newMultiInbound(ctx context.Context, router adapter.Router, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options option.ShadowsocksInboundOptions) (*MultiInbound, error) {
@@ -123,6 +125,8 @@ func (h *MultiInbound) SetTracker(tracker adapter.SSMTracker) {
 }
 
 func (h *MultiInbound) UpdateUsers(users []string, uPSKs []string) error {
+	h.usersAccess.Lock()
+	defer h.usersAccess.Unlock()
 	err := h.service.UpdateUsersWithPasswords(common.MapIndexed(users, func(index int, user string) int {
 		return index
 	}), uPSKs)
@@ -137,6 +141,15 @@ func (h *MultiInbound) UpdateUsers(users []string, uPSKs []string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (h *MultiInbound) userName(userIndex int) string {
+	h.usersAccess.RLock()
+	defer h.usersAccess.RUnlock()
+	if userIndex >= len(h.users) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return h.users[userIndex].Name
+}
+
 //nolint:staticcheck
 func (h *MultiInbound) NewConnection(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, metadata adapter.InboundContext, onClose N.CloseHandlerFunc) {
 	err := h.service.NewConnection(ctx, conn, adapter.UpstreamMetadata(metadata))
@@ -163,7 +176,7 @@ func (h *MultiInbound) newConnection(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, metadat
 	if !loaded {
 		return os.ErrInvalid
 	}
-	user := h.users[userIndex].Name
+	user := h.userName(userIndex)
 	if user == "" {
 		user = F.ToString(userIndex)
 	} else {
@@ -186,7 +199,7 @@ func (h *MultiInbound) newPacketConnection(ctx context.Context, conn N.PacketCon
 	if !loaded {
 		return os.ErrInvalid
 	}
-	user := h.users[userIndex].Name
+	user := h.userName(userIndex)
 	if user == "" {
 		user = F.ToString(userIndex)
 	} else {
diff --git a/protocol/tailscale/dns_transport.go b/protocol/tailscale/dns_transport.go
index b48aa823..fecbf702 100644
--- a/protocol/tailscale/dns_transport.go
+++ b/protocol/tailscale/dns_transport.go
@@ -186,16 +186,22 @@ func (t *DNSTransport) createResolver(directDialer func() N.Dialer, resolver *dn
 		myDialer = dialer.NewResolveDialer(t.ctx, myDialer, false, "", t.endpoint.queryOptions, 0)
 	}
 	if isHTTPScheme {
+		if serverURL.Hostname() == "" {
+			return nil, E.New("missing host in resolver address: ", resolver.Addr)
+		}
 		serverAddr := M.ParseSocksaddrHostPortStr(serverURL.Hostname(), serverURL.Port())
 		switch serverURL.Scheme {
 		case "https":
 			if serverAddr.Port == 0 {
 				serverAddr.Port = 443
 			}
-			tlsConfig := common.Must1(tls.NewClient(t.ctx, t.logger, serverAddr.AddrString(), option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+			tlsConfig, err := tls.NewClient(t.ctx, t.logger, serverAddr.AddrString(), option.OutboundTLSOptions{
 				Enabled: true,
 				ALPN:    []string{http2.NextProtoTLS, "http/1.1"},
-			}))
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, E.Cause(err, "create TLS config for resolver ", resolver.Addr)
+			}
 			return transport.NewHTTPSRaw(t.TransportAdapter, t.logger, myDialer, serverURL, http.Header{}, serverAddr, tlsConfig), nil
 		case "http":
 			if serverAddr.Port == 0 {
diff --git a/protocol/tailscale/taildrop.go b/protocol/tailscale/taildrop.go
index 8c7f5d2d..78359a6b 100644
--- a/protocol/tailscale/taildrop.go
+++ b/protocol/tailscale/taildrop.go
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ func validateTaildropFileName(name string) error {
 
 var (
 	taildropExtensionSuffix = regexp.MustCompile(`(\.[a-zA-Z0-9]{0,3}[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{0,3})*$`)
-	taildropNumberSuffix    = regexp.MustCompile(` \([0-9]+\)`)
+	taildropNumberSuffix    = regexp.MustCompile(` \([0-9]+\)$`)
 )
 
 func nextFileName(name string) string {
diff --git a/protocol/tailscale/taildrop_send.go b/protocol/tailscale/taildrop_send.go
index ef7d8fd4..cdd7d112 100644
--- a/protocol/tailscale/taildrop_send.go
+++ b/protocol/tailscale/taildrop_send.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (t *Endpoint) SendTaildropFile(ctx context.Context, peerStableID string, fi
 	if !peer.Valid() {
 		return E.New("taildrop: peer not found: ", peerStableID)
 	}
-	if peer.Hostinfo().OS() == "tvOS" {
+	if !peer.Hostinfo().Valid() || peer.Hostinfo().OS() == "tvOS" {
 		return E.New("taildrop: peer cannot receive files")
 	}
 	if self.User() != peer.User() && !nodeBackend.PeerHasCap(peer, tailcfg.PeerCapabilityFileSharingTarget) {
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func (t *Endpoint) taildropTargets() (canShareFiles bool, targets map[string]boo
 	}
 	targets = make(map[string]bool)
 	for _, peer := range nodeBackend.Peers() {
-		if !peer.Valid() || peer.Hostinfo().OS() == "tvOS" {
+		if !peer.Valid() || !peer.Hostinfo().Valid() || peer.Hostinfo().OS() == "tvOS" {
 			continue
 		}
 		if self.User() != peer.User() && !nodeBackend.PeerHasCap(peer, tailcfg.PeerCapabilityFileSharingTarget) {
diff --git a/protocol/tailscale/tailssh/server.go b/protocol/tailscale/tailssh/server.go
index 476f06b7..8ba3ba95 100644
--- a/protocol/tailscale/tailssh/server.go
+++ b/protocol/tailscale/tailssh/server.go
@@ -334,6 +334,9 @@ func (s *Server) authenticate(ctx gliderssh.Context, conn gossh.ConnMetadata) (*
 func (s *Server) evaluatePolicy(policy *tailcfg.SSHPolicy, sshUser string, node tailcfg.NodeView, userProfile tailcfg.UserProfile, srcIP netip.Addr) (*sshConnInfo, error) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	for _, rule := range policy.Rules {
+		if rule == nil {
+			continue
+		}
 		if rule.RuleExpires != nil && now.After(*rule.RuleExpires) {
 			continue
 		}
diff --git a/route/route.go b/route/route.go
index 62f1c865..8dddb043 100644
--- a/route/route.go
+++ b/route/route.go
@@ -811,7 +811,6 @@ func (r *Router) actionSniff(
 			}
 			goto finally
 		}
-		packetBuffers = inputPacketBuffers
 		for {
 			var (
 				sniffBuffer = buf.NewPacket()
diff --git a/transport/openconnect/device_system_stack.go b/transport/openconnect/device_system_stack.go
index 2042881e..d97fbb0c 100644
--- a/transport/openconnect/device_system_stack.go
+++ b/transport/openconnect/device_system_stack.go
@@ -103,8 +103,14 @@ func (d *systemStackDevice) writeBuffers(packetBuffers []*buf.Buffer) error {
 func packetDestination(packet []byte) netip.Addr {
 	switch header.IPVersion(packet) {
 	case header.IPv4Version:
+		if len(packet) < header.IPv4MinimumSize {
+			return netip.Addr{}
+		}
 		return header.IPv4(packet).DestinationAddr()
 	case header.IPv6Version:
+		if len(packet) < header.IPv6MinimumSize {
+			return netip.Addr{}
+		}
 		return header.IPv6(packet).DestinationAddr()
 	default:
 		return netip.Addr{}
diff --git a/transport/openvpn/device_system_stack.go b/transport/openvpn/device_system_stack.go
index d0d9a977..41cad658 100644
--- a/transport/openvpn/device_system_stack.go
+++ b/transport/openvpn/device_system_stack.go
@@ -104,8 +104,14 @@ func (d *systemStackDevice) writeBuffers(packetBuffers []*buf.Buffer) error {
 func packetDestination(packet []byte) netip.Addr {
 	switch header.IPVersion(packet) {
 	case header.IPv4Version:
+		if len(packet) < header.IPv4MinimumSize {
+			return netip.Addr{}
+		}
 		return header.IPv4(packet).DestinationAddr()
 	case header.IPv6Version:
+		if len(packet) < header.IPv6MinimumSize {
+			return netip.Addr{}
+		}
 		return header.IPv6(packet).DestinationAddr()
 	default:
 		return netip.Addr{}
diff --git a/transport/trojan/mux.go b/transport/trojan/mux.go
index 72d5a776..e1d98813 100644
--- a/transport/trojan/mux.go
+++ b/transport/trojan/mux.go
@@ -60,8 +60,9 @@ func newMuxConnection0(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, source M.Socksaddr, h
 	}
 	if reader.Buffered() > 0 {
 		buffer := buf.NewSize(reader.Buffered())
-		_, err = buffer.ReadFullFrom(reader, buffer.Len())
+		_, err = buffer.ReadFullFrom(reader, buffer.FreeLen())
 		if err != nil {
+			buffer.Release()
 			return err
 		}
 		conn = bufio.NewCachedConn(conn, buffer)
diff --git a/transport/v2raygrpclite/conn.go b/transport/v2raygrpclite/conn.go
index 52911e62..7080d63c 100644
--- a/transport/v2raygrpclite/conn.go
+++ b/transport/v2raygrpclite/conn.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ type GunConn struct {
 	create        chan struct{}
 	err           error
 	cancel        context.CancelFunc
-	readRemaining int
+	readRemaining uint64
 	onClose       func()
 }
 
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ func (c *GunConn) read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	}
 
 	if c.readRemaining > 0 {
-		if len(b) > c.readRemaining {
+		if uint64(len(b)) > c.readRemaining {
 			b = b[:c.readRemaining]
 		}
 		n, err = c.reader.Read(b)
-		c.readRemaining -= n
+		c.readRemaining -= uint64(n)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -91,14 +91,13 @@ func (c *GunConn) read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	readLen := int(dataLen)
-	c.readRemaining = readLen
-	if len(b) > readLen {
-		b = b[:readLen]
+	c.readRemaining = dataLen
+	if uint64(len(b)) > dataLen {
+		b = b[:dataLen]
 	}
 
 	n, err = c.reader.Read(b)
-	c.readRemaining -= n
+	c.readRemaining -= uint64(n)
 	return
 }
 
diff --git a/transport/v2rayhttp/server.go b/transport/v2rayhttp/server.go
index de03c40c..0f3abcc5 100644
--- a/transport/v2rayhttp/server.go
+++ b/transport/v2rayhttp/server.go
@@ -105,11 +105,16 @@ func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 
 	source := sHttp.SourceAddress(request)
 	if h, ok := writer.(http.Hijacker); ok {
+		if request.ContentLength > buf.MaxPooledBufferSize {
+			s.invalidRequest(writer, request, http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge, E.New("request body too large: ", request.ContentLength))
+			return
+		}
 		var requestBody *buf.Buffer
 		if contentLength := int(request.ContentLength); contentLength > 0 {
 			requestBody = buf.NewSize(contentLength)
 			_, err := requestBody.ReadFullFrom(request.Body, contentLength)
 			if err != nil {
+				requestBody.Release()
 				s.invalidRequest(writer, request, 0, E.Cause(err, "read request"))
 				return
 			}
@@ -118,6 +123,7 @@ func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 		writer.(http.Flusher).Flush()
 		conn, reader, err := h.Hijack()
 		if err != nil {
+			requestBody.Release()
 			s.invalidRequest(writer, request, 0, E.Cause(err, "hijack conn"))
 			return
 		}
@@ -125,6 +131,8 @@ func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 			cache := buf.NewSize(cacheLen)
 			_, err = cache.ReadFullFrom(reader.Reader, cacheLen)
 			if err != nil {
+				cache.Release()
+				requestBody.Release()
 				conn.Close()
 				s.invalidRequest(writer, request, 0, E.Cause(err, "read cache"))
 				return
diff --git a/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/client.go b/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/client.go
index 27ef8758..ea4c425b 100644
--- a/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/client.go
+++ b/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/client.go
@@ -105,8 +105,9 @@ func (c *Client) DialContext(ctx context.Context) (net.Conn, error) {
 	}
 	if bufReader.Buffered() > 0 {
 		buffer := buf.NewSize(bufReader.Buffered())
-		_, err = buffer.ReadFullFrom(bufReader, buffer.Len())
+		_, err = buffer.ReadFullFrom(bufReader, buffer.FreeLen())
 		if err != nil {
+			buffer.Release()
 			conn.Close()
 			return nil, err
 		}
diff --git a/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/server.go b/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/server.go
index 338b7248..2b58bc2a 100644
--- a/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/server.go
+++ b/transport/v2rayhttpupgrade/server.go
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/transport/v2rayhttp"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/buf"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/bufio"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
@@ -107,11 +109,22 @@ func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 		s.invalidRequest(writer, request, http.StatusInternalServerError, E.New("invalid connection, maybe HTTP/2"))
 		return
 	}
-	conn, _, err := hijacker.Hijack()
+	conn, reader, err := hijacker.Hijack()
 	if err != nil {
 		s.invalidRequest(writer, request, http.StatusInternalServerError, E.Cause(err, "hijack failed"))
 		return
 	}
+	if cacheLen := reader.Reader.Buffered(); cacheLen > 0 {
+		cache := buf.NewSize(cacheLen)
+		_, err = cache.ReadFullFrom(reader.Reader, cacheLen)
+		if err != nil {
+			cache.Release()
+			conn.Close()
+			s.invalidRequest(writer, request, 0, E.Cause(err, "read cache"))
+			return
+		}
+		conn = bufio.NewCachedConn(conn, cache)
+	}
 	s.handler.NewConnectionEx(v2rayhttp.DupContext(request.Context()), conn, sHttp.SourceAddress(request), M.Socksaddr{}, nil)
 }
 
diff --git a/transport/v2raywebsocket/client.go b/transport/v2raywebsocket/client.go
index d1bce75e..54d748f1 100644
--- a/transport/v2raywebsocket/client.go
+++ b/transport/v2raywebsocket/client.go
@@ -97,8 +97,10 @@ func (c *Client) upgrade(conn net.Conn, requestURL *url.URL, headers http.Header
 	}
 	deadlineConn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(C.TCPTimeout))
 	var protocols []string
-	if protocolHeader := headers.Get("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol"); protocolHeader != "" {
+	protocolHeader := headers.Get("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol")
+	if protocolHeader != "" {
 		protocols = []string{protocolHeader}
+		headers = headers.Clone()
 		headers.Del("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol")
 	}
 	reader, _, err := ws.Dialer{Header: ws.HandshakeHeaderHTTP(headers), Protocols: protocols}.Upgrade(deadlineConn, requestURL)
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ func (c *Client) upgrade(conn net.Conn, requestURL *url.URL, headers http.Header
 	}
 	if reader != nil {
 		buffer := buf.NewSize(reader.Buffered())
-		_, err = buffer.ReadFullFrom(reader, buffer.Len())
+		_, err = buffer.ReadFullFrom(reader, buffer.FreeLen())
 		if err != nil {
 			conn.Close()
 			return nil, err
diff --git a/transport/v2raywebsocket/conn.go b/transport/v2raywebsocket/conn.go
index ef277233..ecea3c55 100644
--- a/transport/v2raywebsocket/conn.go
+++ b/transport/v2raywebsocket/conn.go
@@ -29,7 +29,13 @@ type WebsocketConn struct {
 }
 
 func NewConn(conn net.Conn, remoteAddr net.Addr, state ws.State) *WebsocketConn {
-	controlHandler := wsutil.ControlFrameHandler(conn, state)
+	defaultControlHandler := wsutil.ControlFrameHandler(conn, state)
+	controlHandler := func(header ws.Header, reader io.Reader) error {
+		if header.Length > ws.MaxControlFramePayloadSize {
+			return ws.ErrProtocolControlPayloadOverflow
+		}
+		return defaultControlHandler(header, reader)
+	}
 	return &WebsocketConn{
 		Conn:  conn,
 		state: state,
@@ -75,10 +81,6 @@ func (c *WebsocketConn) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 			return
 		}
 		if header.OpCode.IsControl() {
-			if header.Length > 128 {
-				err = wsutil.ErrFrameTooLarge
-				return
-			}
 			err = wrapWsError(c.controlHandler(header, c.reader))
 			if err != nil {
 				return