diff --git a/infra/conf/transport_internet.go b/infra/conf/transport_internet.go
index ee1e5c3df..e016d7948 100644
--- a/infra/conf/transport_internet.go
+++ b/infra/conf/transport_internet.go
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 package conf
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
+	utls "github.com/refraction-networking/utls"
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/common/errors"
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/common/serial"
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet"
+	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet/tls"
 )
 
 type TransportProtocol string
@@ -100,6 +104,14 @@ func (c *StreamConfig) Build() (*internet.StreamConfig, error) {
 		tm := serial.ToTypedMessage(ts)
 		config.SecuritySettings = append(config.SecuritySettings, tm)
 		config.SecurityType = tm.Type
+		if config.ProtocolName == "xdrive" && tlsSettings.ALPN != nil && slices.Equal(*tlsSettings.ALPN, StringList{"http/1.1"}) && tlsSettings.ECHConfigList == "" {
+			// a fingerprint puts its own ALPN into the hello, except Go TLS and the
+			// randomized ones, which take it from the config or send none
+			if fp := tls.GetFingerprint(strings.ToLower(tlsSettings.Fingerprint)); fp != nil && fp.Client != utls.HelloGolang.Client &&
+				!strings.HasPrefix(fp.Client, utls.HelloRandomized.Client) {
+				errors.LogWarning(context.Background(), `XDRIVE: "alpn" ["http/1.1"] reaches the wire only inside ECH, without "echConfigList" the hello carries the ALPN of the fingerprint and the server may pick h2`)
+			}
+		}
 	case "reality":
 		if config.ProtocolName != "tcp" && config.ProtocolName != "splithttp" && config.ProtocolName != "grpc" {
 			return nil, errors.New("REALITY only supports RAW, XHTTP and gRPC for now.")
diff --git a/infra/conf/transport_test.go b/infra/conf/transport_test.go
index a6288ac36..47d75970c 100644
--- a/infra/conf/transport_test.go
+++ b/infra/conf/transport_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/common/log"
 	. "github.com/xtls/xray-core/infra/conf"
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet"
 	finalmaskcustom "github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet/finalmask/header/custom"
@@ -355,6 +356,56 @@ func TestXDriveTemplateStreamConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+type logLines []string
+
+func (l *logLines) Handle(msg log.Message) {
+	*l = append(*l, msg.String())
+}
+
+// "alpn" ["http/1.1"] is warned about where the hello does not carry it, which
+// is outside ECH with a fingerprint that has an ALPN of its own
+func TestXDriveHTTP1ALPNWarning(t *testing.T) {
+	var lines logLines
+	log.RegisterHandler(&lines)
+
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		method, tlsSettings string
+		warn                bool
+	}{
+		{"xdrive", `{}`, false},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"]}`, true},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"], "fingerprint": "Firefox"}`, true},
+		{"raw", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"]}`, false},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["h2", "http/1.1"]}`, false},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"], "echConfigList": "udp://1.1.1.1"}`, false},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"], "fingerprint": "unsafe"}`, false},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"], "fingerprint": "hellogolang"}`, false},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"], "fingerprint": "randomized"}`, false},
+		{"xdrive", `{"alpn": ["http/1.1"], "fingerprint": "hellorandomizednoalpn"}`, false},
+	} {
+		lines = nil
+		config := new(StreamConfig)
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{
+			"method": "`+c.method+`",
+			"security": "tls",
+			"tlsSettings": `+c.tlsSettings+`,
+			"xdriveSettings": {"remoteFolder": "/tmp/xdrive", "service": "local"}
+		}`), config); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
+		}
+		if _, err := config.Build(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s %s: %v", c.method, c.tlsSettings, err)
+		}
+		warned := false
+		for _, line := range lines {
+			warned = warned || strings.HasPrefix(line, "[Warning]") && strings.Contains(line, `"alpn"`)
+		}
+		if warned != c.warn {
+			t.Errorf("%s %s: warned %v, want %v", c.method, c.tlsSettings, warned, c.warn)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestXDriveTemplateNeedsTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 	config := new(XDriveConfig)
 	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(`{"remoteFolder": "f", "service": "template"}`), config); err != nil {
diff --git a/transport/internet/xdrive/client.go b/transport/internet/xdrive/client.go
index 9cbd14607..00a3f1690 100644
--- a/transport/internet/xdrive/client.go
+++ b/transport/internet/xdrive/client.go
@@ -2,44 +2,124 @@ package xdrive
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	gotls "crypto/tls"
+	"io"
 	"net/http"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/common/errors"
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/common/net"
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet"
-	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet/reality"
 	"github.com/xtls/xray-core/transport/internet/tls"
-	"golang.org/x/net/http2"
 )
 
+var errStalled = errors.New("the request made no progress")
+
 type serviceTransport struct {
 	plain  http.RoundTripper
 	secure http.RoundTripper
+	stall  time.Duration
 }
 
+// RoundTrip ends a request that stands still for t.stall, with no answer that
+// long after its body went out or no byte of either body, but not one that just
+// runs long: a large object on a slow link takes minutes and is fine as long as
+// its bytes move
 func (t *serviceTransport) RoundTrip(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	next := t.plain
 	if r.URL.Scheme == "https" {
-		return t.secure.RoundTrip(r)
+		next = t.secure
 	}
-	return t.plain.RoundTrip(r)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancelCause(r.Context())
+	timer := time.AfterFunc(t.stall, func() { cancel(errStalled) })
+	alive := func() { timer.Reset(t.stall) }
+	end := func() {
+		timer.Stop()
+		cancel(nil)
+	}
+	r = r.WithContext(ctx)
+	if r.Body != nil && r.Body != http.NoBody {
+		r.Body = &progressBody{ReadCloser: r.Body, alive: alive}
+	}
+	// a body sent again by the transport itself, after a GOAWAY or on a reused
+	// connection that failed, moves just the same
+	if getBody := r.GetBody; getBody != nil {
+		r.GetBody = func() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
+			body, err := getBody()
+			if err != nil || body == http.NoBody {
+				return body, err
+			}
+			return &progressBody{ReadCloser: body, alive: alive}, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	resp, err := next.RoundTrip(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = stalled(ctx, err)
+		end()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	alive()
+	resp.Body = &progressBody{ReadCloser: resp.Body, alive: alive, end: end, ctx: ctx}
+	return resp, nil
 }
 
-func newServiceClient(streamSettings *internet.MemoryStreamConfig, timeout time.Duration, maxConns int) *http.Client {
+// stalled returns errStalled for an error that the stall gave, which http2 reports
+// as a plain cancel
+func stalled(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
+	if context.Cause(ctx) == errStalled {
+		return errStalled
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+type progressBody struct {
+	io.ReadCloser
+	alive func()
+	end   func()
+	// ctx is that of the request, for the body of its response
+	ctx context.Context
+}
+
+func (b *progressBody) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	// http2 reads a request body up to 512 KiB at a time and sends it all before
+	// the next read, which on a slow link could look like no progress
+	n, err := b.ReadCloser.Read(p[:min(len(p), 16<<10)])
+	if n > 0 {
+		b.alive()
+	}
+	if err != nil && err != io.EOF && b.ctx != nil {
+		err = stalled(b.ctx, err)
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
+
+func (b *progressBody) Close() error {
+	err := b.ReadCloser.Close()
+	if b.end != nil {
+		b.end()
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// newServiceClient returns a client whose requests end after stall without
+// progress, see serviceTransport.RoundTrip
+func newServiceClient(streamSettings *internet.MemoryStreamConfig, stall time.Duration, maxConns int) *http.Client {
 	var (
-		tlsConfig     *tls.Config
-		realityConfig *reality.Config
-		sockopt       *internet.SocketConfig
-		fronting      *net.Destination
+		tlsConfig *tls.Config
+		sockopt   *internet.SocketConfig
+		fronting  *net.Destination
 	)
 	if streamSettings != nil {
 		tlsConfig = tls.ConfigFromStreamSettings(streamSettings)
-		realityConfig = reality.ConfigFromStreamSettings(streamSettings)
 		sockopt = streamSettings.SocketSettings
 		fronting = streamSettings.Destination
 	}
-	overHTTP2 := allowsHTTP2(tlsConfig, realityConfig)
+	if tlsConfig == nil {
+		tlsConfig = &tls.Config{}
+	}
+	fingerprint := tls.GetFingerprint(tlsConfig.Fingerprint)
 
 	dial := func(ctx context.Context, addr string) (net.Conn, net.Destination, error) {
 		host, err := net.ParseDestination("tcp:" + addr)
@@ -72,58 +152,40 @@ func newServiceClient(streamSettings *internet.MemoryStreamConfig, timeout time.
 		return conn, err
 	}
 
-	dialTLS := func(ctx context.Context, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	// http.Transport picks h2 or h1 by the ALPN in the ConnectionState of the conn
+	dialTLS := func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
 		conn, host, err := dial(ctx, addr)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		if realityConfig != nil {
-			return reality.UClient(conn, realityConfig, ctx, host)
+		gotlsConfig := tlsConfig.GetTLSConfig(tls.WithDestination(host))
+		var tlsConn net.Conn
+		if fingerprint == nil {
+			tlsConn = tls.Client(conn, gotlsConfig)
+		} else {
+			tlsConn = tls.UClient(conn, gotlsConfig, fingerprint)
 		}
-
-		gotlsConfig := &gotls.Config{ServerName: host.Address.String()}
-		if tlsConfig != nil {
-			gotlsConfig = tlsConfig.GetTLSConfig(tls.WithDestination(host))
+		// the dial outlives the request that started it, and a handshake that hangs
+		// would keep the one connection of the host to itself
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, stall)
+		defer cancel()
+		if err := tlsConn.(tls.Interface).HandshakeContext(ctx); err != nil {
+			conn.Close()
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		if len(gotlsConfig.NextProtos) != 1 {
-			if overHTTP2 {
-				gotlsConfig.NextProtos = []string{"h2"}
-			} else {
-				gotlsConfig.NextProtos = []string{"http/1.1"}
-			}
-		}
-
-		if tlsConfig != nil {
-			if fingerprint := tls.GetFingerprint(tlsConfig.Fingerprint); fingerprint != nil {
-				uconn := tls.UClient(conn, gotlsConfig, fingerprint)
-				if err := uconn.(*tls.UConn).HandshakeContext(ctx); err != nil {
-					conn.Close()
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				return uconn, nil
-			}
-		}
-		return tls.Client(conn, gotlsConfig), nil
+		return tlsConn, nil
 	}
 
-	var secure http.RoundTripper
-	if overHTTP2 {
-		secure = &http2.Transport{
-			DialTLSContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string, cfg *gotls.Config) (net.Conn, error) {
-				return dialTLS(ctx, addr)
-			},
-			IdleConnTimeout: net.ConnIdleTimeout,
-		}
-	} else {
-		secure = &http.Transport{
-			DialTLSContext: func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
-				return dialTLS(ctx, addr)
-			},
+	secure := func(connsPerHost int) *http.Transport {
+		return &http.Transport{
+			DialTLSContext:      dialTLS,
+			ForceAttemptHTTP2:   true,
 			IdleConnTimeout:     net.ConnIdleTimeout,
 			MaxIdleConns:        maxConns,
 			MaxIdleConnsPerHost: maxConns,
-			MaxConnsPerHost:     maxConns,
+			MaxConnsPerHost:     connsPerHost,
+			HTTP2:               &http.HTTP2Config{SendPingTimeout: net.ChromeH2KeepAlivePeriod},
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -136,18 +198,27 @@ func newServiceClient(streamSettings *internet.MemoryStreamConfig, timeout time.
 				MaxIdleConnsPerHost: maxConns,
 				MaxConnsPerHost:     maxConns,
 			},
-			secure: secure,
+			secure: &secureTransport{h2: secure(1), h1: secure(maxConns)},
+			stall:  stall,
 		},
-		Timeout: timeout,
 	}
 }
 
-func allowsHTTP2(tlsConfig *tls.Config, realityConfig *reality.Config) bool {
-	if realityConfig != nil {
-		return true
-	}
-	if tlsConfig == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	return len(tlsConfig.NextProtocol) == 1 && tlsConfig.NextProtocol[0] == "h2"
+// secureTransport keeps a host to one connection, all that h2 needs, as without
+// a limit parallel requests would each dial their own. A host that answers over
+// h1 moves to a transport with more, since h1 carries one request at a time
+type secureTransport struct {
+	h2, h1  http.RoundTripper
+	h1Hosts sync.Map
+}
+
+func (t *secureTransport) RoundTrip(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	if _, ok := t.h1Hosts.Load(r.URL.Host); ok {
+		return t.h1.RoundTrip(r)
+	}
+	resp, err := t.h2.RoundTrip(r)
+	if err == nil && resp.ProtoMajor == 1 {
+		t.h1Hosts.Store(r.URL.Host, true)
+	}
+	return resp, err
 }
diff --git a/transport/internet/xdrive/client_test.go b/transport/internet/xdrive/client_test.go
index 44e059a1b..62187de01 100644
--- a/transport/internet/xdrive/client_test.go
+++ b/transport/internet/xdrive/client_test.go
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 package xdrive
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	gotls "crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -99,3 +106,403 @@ func TestServiceSNIOverride(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("explicit serverName gave SNI %q, want www.google.com", got)
 	}
 }
+
+// slowReader hands out one byte every gap, the way a body crosses a slow link
+type slowReader struct {
+	left int
+	gap  time.Duration
+}
+
+func (r *slowReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	if r.left == 0 {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+	time.Sleep(r.gap)
+	r.left--
+	p[0] = 'x'
+	return 1, nil
+}
+
+// a request that keeps moving outlives the stall limit many times over, one
+// that stands still does not get much past it
+func TestServiceClientEndsOnlyStalledRequests(t *testing.T) {
+	const stall = 200 * time.Millisecond
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		io.Copy(io.Discard, r.Body)
+		switch r.URL.Path {
+		case "/slow":
+			for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
+				w.Write([]byte("x"))
+				w.(http.Flusher).Flush()
+				time.Sleep(stall / 4)
+			}
+		case "/stuck":
+			w.Write([]byte("x"))
+			w.(http.Flusher).Flush()
+			time.Sleep(5 * stall)
+		case "/silent":
+			time.Sleep(5 * stall)
+		}
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+	client := newServiceClient(&internet.MemoryStreamConfig{}, stall, 8)
+
+	fetch := func(path string, body io.Reader) (int, error) {
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, server.URL+path, body)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		resp, err := client.Do(req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		defer resp.Body.Close()
+		got, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		return len(got), err
+	}
+
+	if _, err := fetch("/", &slowReader{left: 20, gap: stall / 4}); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("a slow upload failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if n, err := fetch("/slow", nil); err != nil || n != 20 {
+		t.Errorf("a slow download gave %d bytes, %v", n, err)
+	}
+	for _, path := range []string{"/stuck", "/silent"} {
+		start := time.Now()
+		_, err := fetch(path, nil)
+		if !errors.Is(err, errStalled) {
+			t.Errorf("%s gave %v, want %v", path, err, errStalled)
+		}
+		if took := time.Since(start); took > 4*stall {
+			t.Errorf("%s took %v to give up", path, took)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// a body that the transport sends again by itself keeps the request going too
+	replay := &serviceTransport{stall: stall, plain: roundTrip(func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+		body, err := r.GetBody()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for b := make([]byte, 1); ; time.Sleep(stall / 4) {
+			if _, err := body.Read(b); err != nil {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if err := context.Cause(r.Context()); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK, Body: http.NoBody}, nil
+	})}
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://drive/", bytes.NewReader(make([]byte, 20)))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if resp, err := replay.RoundTrip(req); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("a body sent again failed: %v", err)
+	} else {
+		resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+// over TLS a request that stands still ends the same way, and says so, on h2
+// as on h1
+func TestServiceClientStallOverTLS(t *testing.T) {
+	const stall = 200 * time.Millisecond
+	for _, protos := range [][]string{chromeALPN, {"http/1.1"}} {
+		server := newTLSServer(t, &gotls.Config{NextProtos: protos}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			if r.URL.Path == "/stuck" {
+				w.Write([]byte("x"))
+				w.(http.Flusher).Flush()
+			}
+			time.Sleep(5 * stall)
+		})
+		client := newServiceClient(server.settings(&tls.Config{}), stall, 8)
+
+		for _, path := range []string{"/stuck", "/silent"} {
+			start := time.Now()
+			resp, err := client.Get(server.URL + path)
+			if err == nil {
+				if resp.Proto != picked(protos) {
+					t.Fatalf("%s went over %s", path, resp.Proto)
+				}
+				_, err = io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+				resp.Body.Close()
+			}
+			if !errors.Is(err, errStalled) {
+				t.Errorf("server %v: %s gave %v, want %v", protos, path, err, errStalled)
+			}
+			if took := time.Since(start); took > 4*stall {
+				t.Errorf("server %v: %s took %v to give up", protos, path, took)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// tlsServer is a TLS server that keeps the last hello it got and counts its
+// connections
+type tlsServer struct {
+	*httptest.Server
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	hello *gotls.ClientHelloInfo
+	conns atomic.Int32
+}
+
+func newTLSServer(t *testing.T, config *gotls.Config, handler http.HandlerFunc) *tlsServer {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	s := &tlsServer{Server: httptest.NewUnstartedServer(handler)}
+	config.GetConfigForClient = func(hello *gotls.ClientHelloInfo) (*gotls.Config, error) {
+		s.mu.Lock()
+		s.hello = hello
+		s.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	s.TLS = config
+	s.Config.ConnState = func(_ net.Conn, state http.ConnState) {
+		if state == http.StateNew {
+			s.conns.Add(1)
+		}
+	}
+	s.StartTLS()
+	t.Cleanup(s.Close)
+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *tlsServer) lastHello() *gotls.ClientHelloInfo {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	return s.hello
+}
+
+// settings pins the certificate of the server in config
+func (s *tlsServer) settings(config *tls.Config) *internet.MemoryStreamConfig {
+	config.PinnedPeerCertSha256 = [][]byte{tls.GenerateCertHash(s.Certificate())}
+	return &internet.MemoryStreamConfig{ProtocolName: protocolName, SecuritySettings: config}
+}
+
+// picked is the protocol a server with ALPN protos answers a Chrome hello with
+func picked(protos []string) string {
+	if protos[0] == "h2" {
+		return "HTTP/2.0"
+	}
+	return "HTTP/1.1"
+}
+
+var chromeALPN = []string{"h2", "http/1.1"}
+
+// the hello offers the ALPN of the fingerprint whatever "alpn" says, or with Go
+// TLS that of the config, h2 and http/1.1 by default, and the client speaks what
+// the server picks from it
+func TestServiceClientSpeaksWhatServerPicks(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, protos := range [][]string{chromeALPN, {"http/1.1"}} {
+		server := newTLSServer(t, &gotls.Config{NextProtos: protos}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {})
+		for _, config := range []*tls.Config{{}, {NextProtocol: []string{"h2"}}, {NextProtocol: []string{"http/1.1"}}, {Fingerprint: "unsafe"}} {
+			client := newServiceClient(server.settings(config), 5*time.Second, 8)
+			resp, err := client.Get(server.URL)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("server %v, alpn %v, fingerprint %q: %v", protos, config.NextProtocol, config.Fingerprint, err)
+			}
+			resp.Body.Close()
+			if resp.Proto != picked(protos) {
+				t.Errorf("server %v, alpn %v, fingerprint %q: went over %s", protos, config.NextProtocol, config.Fingerprint, resp.Proto)
+			}
+			if offered := server.lastHello().SupportedProtos; !slices.Equal(offered, chromeALPN) {
+				t.Errorf("server %v, alpn %v, fingerprint %q: the hello offered %v, want %v", protos, config.NextProtocol, config.Fingerprint, offered, chromeALPN)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// with no tlsSettings the hello is that of Chrome too, which unlike Go TLS
+// offers certificate compression
+func TestServiceClientDefaultsToChrome(t *testing.T) {
+	server := newTLSServer(t, &gotls.Config{NextProtos: chromeALPN}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {})
+	client := newServiceClient(&internet.MemoryStreamConfig{}, 5*time.Second, 8)
+	// the test certificate is not trusted, the hello is all that is needed
+	if resp, err := client.Get(server.URL); err == nil {
+		resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+	hello := server.lastHello()
+	if hello == nil {
+		t.Fatal("no hello")
+	}
+	if !slices.Equal(hello.SupportedProtos, chromeALPN) || !slices.Contains(hello.Extensions, 27) {
+		t.Errorf("the hello offered %v with extensions %v, not like Chrome", hello.SupportedProtos, hello.Extensions)
+	}
+}
+
+// parallel requests share one h2 connection instead of dialing one each, the
+// first ones as the later ones, and next to a host that answers over h1
+func TestServiceClientOneConnection(t *testing.T) {
+	server := newTLSServer(t, &gotls.Config{NextProtos: chromeALPN}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	})
+	h1 := newTLSServer(t, &gotls.Config{NextProtos: []string{"http/1.1"}}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {})
+	client := newServiceClient(server.settings(&tls.Config{}), 5*time.Second, driveMaxInflight)
+	get := func(url string) {
+		resp, err := client.Get(url)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error(err)
+			return
+		}
+		resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+
+	for i := range 2 {
+		if i == 1 {
+			get(h1.URL)
+		}
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		for range driveMaxInflight {
+			wg.Go(func() { get(server.URL) })
+		}
+		wg.Wait()
+		if n := server.conns.Load(); n != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("round %d: %d parallel requests took %d connections", i, driveMaxInflight, n)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// in the format of xray tls ech, for public name public.example
+const (
+	testECHConfigList = "AEH+DQA9AAAgACBziE85FLxJySxZAPRHs8CDCbuz1h76I9pLhctC/kgScAAEAAEAAQAOcHVibGljLmV4YW1wbGUAAA=="
+	testECHServerKeys = "ACD2AjC5yuBQ3430geNDLdIRndloCry/DBb9ZeYp0TmeowBB/g0APQAAIAAgc4hPORS8ScksWQD0R7PAgwm7s9Ye+iPaS4XLQv5IEnAABAABAAEADnB1YmxpYy5leGFtcGxlAAA="
+)
+
+// a server that speaks only h1, or gets ALPN http/1.1 inside ECH or from Go TLS,
+// answers over h1, and after that answer parallel requests get more than one
+// connection
+func TestServiceClientHTTP1(t *testing.T) {
+	keys, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(testECHServerKeys)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	echKeys, err := tls.ConvertToGoECHKeys(keys)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	ech := &tls.Config{ServerName: "example.com", NextProtocol: []string{"http/1.1"}, EchConfigList: testECHConfigList}
+
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		protos, seen []string
+		config       *tls.Config
+	}{
+		{[]string{"http/1.1"}, chromeALPN, &tls.Config{}},
+		{chromeALPN, []string{"http/1.1"}, ech},
+		{chromeALPN, []string{"http/1.1"}, &tls.Config{NextProtocol: []string{"http/1.1"}, Fingerprint: "unsafe"}},
+	} {
+		server := newTLSServer(t, &gotls.Config{NextProtos: c.protos, EncryptedClientHelloKeys: echKeys}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+			time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+		})
+		client := newServiceClient(server.settings(c.config), 5*time.Second, 8)
+		get := func() {
+			resp, err := client.Get(server.URL)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+				return
+			}
+			resp.Body.Close()
+			if resp.Proto != "HTTP/1.1" || resp.TLS.ECHAccepted != (c.config.EchConfigList != "") {
+				t.Errorf("server %v, ALPN %v: went over %s, ECH accepted %v", c.protos, c.seen, resp.Proto, resp.TLS.ECHAccepted)
+			}
+		}
+
+		get()
+		first := server.conns.Load()
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		for range 4 {
+			wg.Go(get)
+		}
+		wg.Wait()
+		if offered := server.lastHello().SupportedProtos; !slices.Equal(offered, c.seen) {
+			t.Errorf("server %v: saw ALPN %v, want %v", c.protos, offered, c.seen)
+		}
+		if n := server.conns.Load() - first; n < 2 {
+			t.Errorf("server %v, ALPN %v: 4 parallel requests over h1 took %d connections", c.protos, c.seen, n)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// without the keys the server gets the outer hello, which offers the ALPN of
+	// Chrome
+	outer := newTLSServer(t, &gotls.Config{NextProtos: chromeALPN}, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {})
+	if resp, err := newServiceClient(outer.settings(ech), 5*time.Second, 8).Get(outer.URL); err == nil {
+		resp.Body.Close()
+	}
+	if hello := outer.lastHello(); hello == nil {
+		t.Error("no outer hello")
+	} else if !slices.Equal(hello.SupportedProtos, chromeALPN) {
+		t.Errorf("the outer hello offered %v, want %v", hello.SupportedProtos, chromeALPN)
+	}
+}
+
+// muteFirst leaves the first connection it accepts unanswered
+type muteFirst struct {
+	net.Listener
+	muted net.Conn
+}
+
+func (l *muteFirst) Accept() (net.Conn, error) {
+	if l.muted == nil {
+		conn, err := l.Listener.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		l.muted = conn
+	}
+	return l.Listener.Accept()
+}
+
+// a handshake that hangs ends after stall, and does not keep the host from
+// getting another connection
+func TestServiceClientHungHandshake(t *testing.T) {
+	const stall = 200 * time.Millisecond
+	for _, fingerprint := range []string{"", "unsafe"} {
+		server := &tlsServer{Server: httptest.NewUnstartedServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {}))}
+		server.Listener = &muteFirst{Listener: server.Listener}
+		server.StartTLS()
+		t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+		client := newServiceClient(server.settings(&tls.Config{Fingerprint: fingerprint}), stall, 8)
+
+		if _, err := client.Get(server.URL); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("fingerprint %q: a request got through a handshake that hung", fingerprint)
+		}
+		for i := range 2 {
+			resp, err := client.Get(server.URL)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("fingerprint %q: request %d after a handshake that hung: %v", fingerprint, i, err)
+			}
+			resp.Body.Close()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// a connection whose handshake failed is closed, not left to the garbage
+// collector
+func TestServiceClientClosesFailedHandshake(t *testing.T) {
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer ln.Close()
+
+	for _, fingerprint := range []string{"", "unsafe"} {
+		settings := &internet.MemoryStreamConfig{ProtocolName: protocolName, SecuritySettings: &tls.Config{Fingerprint: fingerprint}}
+		go newServiceClient(settings, 5*time.Second, 8).Get("https://" + ln.Addr().String())
+		conn, err := ln.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// not TLS, so the handshake fails at once
+		conn.Write([]byte("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n\r\n"))
+		conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(2 * time.Second))
+		if _, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, conn); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("fingerprint %q: the client left the connection open: %v", fingerprint, err)
+		}
+		conn.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+type roundTrip func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+
+func (f roundTrip) RoundTrip(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) { return f(r) }
diff --git a/transport/internet/xdrive/drive.go b/transport/internet/xdrive/drive.go
index d5da0cfb4..7a2403386 100644
--- a/transport/internet/xdrive/drive.go
+++ b/transport/internet/xdrive/drive.go
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ const (
 	driveMaxAttempts = 8
 	driveMaxInflight = 32
 	driveInlineLimit = 12000
-	driveTimeout     = 60 * time.Second
+	// driveTimeout ends a request that makes no progress for that long
+	driveTimeout = 60 * time.Second
 )
 
 var (